Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia are hereditary diseases seen especially in countries around the Mediterranean, Africa and southeast Asia. In this disease, which is carried by both parents, the main problem is the faulty production of cells called erythrocytes in the bone marrow, which carry O2 to the body. Thalassemia causes symptoms such as low blood pressure, pallor, weakness, fatigue, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and a typical facial appearance after abnormal development of the skull bones. In sickle cell anemia, in addition to anemia, symptoms such as painful crises, convulsions with involvement of the cerebral vessels, and acute chest syndrome with involvement of the pulmonary vessels may occur. Different options can be used in treatment, such as blood transfusions, supportive treatments, and chelation treatments. The permanent treatment for the disease is bone marrow transplantation. Developments regarding gene therapy will appear as an option in the near future